Form Of State Structure: Concept And Types. Forms Of Government And... ~ Just News

Politics. v. t. e. A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary....definition, a constitution is "the fundamental law undergirding the structure of government." which include the powers and composition of the government, as well as the rights preserved by the like the plan, the new constitution allowed the government to work directly on the citizens of the states.Constitutional law is the body of rules, doctrines, and practices that Modern constitutional law is the offspring of nationalism as well as of the idea that the state must protect certain fundamental rights of In the broadest sense a constitution is a body of rules governing the affairs of an organized group.They hear the testimony given by witnesses for both sides, including cross-examinations. Then witnesses for each side sum up, or summarize the case, and the judge explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury.We examine the most popular forms of government around the world. From aristocracy to anarchy, we provide definitions and examples of how governments are The powers, limitations, and forms of government can be a tricky subject to understand. When economic policies, political structures, and...

Constitution - Constitution By definition a constitution is... | Course Hero

As a result of the October Manifesto and the promise of a constitutional monarchy, a new government structure was adopted. Passed in April, 1906, the Fundamental Laws were an edict from the Tsar. They confirmed the October Manifesto but also asserting the Tsar's powers over the DumaADA Text Version. Preserve Order. Recall Thomas Hobbes' grim view of humans when ungoverned by a central authority. Maintaining social peace is perhaps the fundamental purpose of government. The US Constitution's preamble refers to this function specifically when it declares its intent to "ensure...The Charter has the force of law effective from December 1 2009. Its preamble reads: 'The peoples of Europe, in creating an ever closer union among The Council of Europe's most famous achievement is the European Convention on Human Rights, which was adopted in 1950 following a report by the...explained: "The fundamental law which determines the manner in which the public authority is to be exercised is what forms the constitution of the state." The Constitution of the United States is a complex idea, adopted at a fragile time in American history and is the framework for our government...

Constitutional Law

Fundamental laws on WN Network delivers the latest Videos and Editable pages for News & Events, including This first-ever Russian Constitution was a revision of the earlier Fundamental Laws, which had been published as Even when government says that it will not implement the law, police can...The structure of the constitution. Although the fundamental provisions of international law on human rights adopted by most of the nations of the world, specifically... The sources of constitutional law in foreign countries are regulations that provide rules governing constitutional and legal relations.State governments have the same structure as the federal government, which means they have executive, judicial and legislative branches. The executive branch is the part of government that makes sure people follow the laws, and the President is the head of the executive branch.It is a form of government characterized by powerone person, which extends to all spheres of activity of the state and society. For the parliamentary republic is characteristicthe appointment of the government and its dissolution (both of the entire membership and of individual members) by the...Constitutional law deals with the relationship between the state and individual and the relationship between different branches of the state, such as the executive the legislative and specified within a written constitutional document.

Jump to navigation Jump to look For different uses, see Government (disambiguation). "Gov" redirects here. For different makes use of, see Gov (disambiguation).

Part of the Politics seriesBasic paperwork of govt Power source Democracy(rule via many) Demarchy Direct Liberal Representative Social Socialist Others Oligarchy(rule through few) Anocracy Aristocracy Ergatocracy Gerontocracy Kleptocracy Kritarchy Noocracy Particracy Plutocracy Stratocracy Technocracy Autocracy(rule by means of one) Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Tyranny Anarchism(rule by none) Anarchy Free affiliation Stateless Power ideology Monarchy vs. republic(socio-political ideologies) Absolute Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Presidential Semi-presidential Socialist Authoritarian vs. libertarian(socio-economic ideologies) Anarchism Colonialism Communism Despotism Distributism Feudalism Socialism Totalitarianism Tribalism Global vs. local(geo-cultural ideologies) Commune City-state Intergovernmental organisation National government World executive Nationalism Internationalism Globalism Power structure Unitary Unitary state Empire Principality Client state Associated state Dependent territory Dominion Protectorate Puppet state Puppet monarch Satellite state Self-governing colony Tributary state Buffer State Vassal state Viceroyalty Federalism Confederation Devolution Federation Superstate Supranational union International relations Small energy Regional power Middle energy Great energy Superpower Politics portalvtePart of a sequence onPolitics Index Outline Category Primary topics Index of politics articles Outline of political science Politics via nation Politics by subdivision Political economic system Political history Political historical past of the global Political philosophy Political techniques AnarchyCity-state DemocracyDictatorship DirectoryFederacy FeudalismMeritocracy MonarchyParliamentary PresidentialRepublic Semi-parliamentarySemi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines Political science(political scientists) International relations(idea) Comparative politics Public administration Bureaucracy (street-level) Adhocracy Policy Public policy (doctrine)Domestic and international policyCivil societyPublic pastime Organs of executive Separation of powersLegislature ExecutiveJudiciary Election fee Related topics Sovereignty Theories of political habits Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention High and coffee politics Subseries Electoral methodsElections (voting)Unitarism Federalism Form of governmentIdeology Political campaigningPolitical events Politics portalvte

A government is the system or team of other folks governing an arranged community, in most cases a state.

World's states coloured by means of form of government1 Full presidential republics2 Semi-presidential republics2 Republics with an govt president elected through or nominated via the legislature that may or may not be topic to parliamentary self assurance. Parliamentary republics2 Parliamentary constitutional monarchies Constitutional monarchies that have a separate head of executive however the place royalty nonetheless holds significant executive and/or legislative energy Absolute monarchies One-party states Countries the place constitutional provisions for government had been suspended (e.g. military dictatorships) Countries which don't fit any of the above methods (e.g. provisional governments). 1 This map used to be compiled in keeping with the Wikipedia list of international locations through system of government. See there for sources.2 Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are widely described via outsiders as authoritarian states. This map presents simplest the de jure shape of government, and not the de facto level of democracy. vte

In the case of its large associative definition, government normally is composed of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a approach in which organizational policies are enforced, in addition to a mechanism for determining coverage. Each govt has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing ideas and philosophy.

While every kind of organizations have governance, the time period government is frequently used extra specifically, to seek advice from the approximately Two hundred impartial national governments and subsidiary organizations.

Historically prevalent bureaucracy of govt come with monarchy, aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy and tyranny. The main side of any philosophy of government is how political energy is obtained, with the two primary paperwork being electoral contest and hereditary succession.

Definitions and etymology

A government is the gadget to manipulate a state or group.

The phrase govt derives, in the end, from the Greek verb κυβερνάω [kubernáo] (which means to influence with gubernaculum (rudder), the metaphorical sense being attested in Plato's Ship of State).

The Columbia Encyclopedia defines govt as "a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society".[1]

While every kind of organizations have governance, the word government is continuously used more particularly to consult with the approximately 200 unbiased nationwide governments on Earth, as well as their subsidiary organizations.[2]

Finally, govt is additionally on occasion utilized in English as a synonym for governance.

History

Main articles: Political history of the international and Political philosophy

The second and position that the phenomenon of human government developed is misplaced in time; alternatively, historical past does document the formations of early governments. About 5,000 years in the past, the first small city-states seemed.[3] By the 3rd to second millenniums BC, some of these had advanced into better ruled areas: Sumer, Ancient Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization, and the Yellow River Civilization.[4]

The construction of agriculture and water regulate projects have been a catalyst for the construction of governments.[5] On occasion a leader of a tribe was elected through quite a lot of rituals or checks of energy to govern his tribe, once in a while with a workforce of elder tribesmen as a council. The human talent to exactly keep up a correspondence abstract, realized data allowed humans to turn into ever simpler at agriculture,[6] and that allowed for ever increasing population densities.[3]David Christian explains how this ended in states with rules and governments.

As farming populations collected in larger and denser communities, interactions between different teams increased and the social power rose till, in a striking parallel with star formation, new structures all at once gave the impression, together with a new level of complexity. Like stars, towns and states reorganize and energize the smaller gadgets inside their gravitational field.[3]

Starting at the finish of the seventeenth century, the prevalence of republican forms of executive grew. The Glorious Revolution in England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution contributed to the growth of representative paperwork of executive. The Soviet Union used to be the first large nation to have a Communist executive.[2] Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, liberal democracy has change into an much more prevalent shape of govt.[7]

In the 19th and 20th century, there was once a vital build up in the length and scale of executive at the national point.[8] This integrated the regulation of firms and the development of the welfare state.[7]

Political science

Main article: Political science Classification

In political science, it has long been a objective to create a typology or taxonomy of polities, as typologies of political systems aren't glaring.[9] It is especially necessary in the political science fields of comparative politics and world members of the family. Like all classes discerned within paperwork of government, the boundaries of government classifications are either fluid or ill-defined.

Superficially, all governments have an authentic or best form. The United States is a constitutional republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not goal, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes will also be difficult.[10] For example, Voltaire argued that "the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire".[11]

Identifying a form of govt is also tough because many political programs originate as socio-economic actions and are then carried into governments by means of parties naming themselves after those movements; all with competing political-ideologies. Experience with the ones movements in energy, and the strong ties they'll must specific forms of government, can cause them to be regarded as as forms of executive in themselves.

Other headaches come with basic non-consensus or deliberate "distortion or bias" of reasonable technical definitions to political ideologies and associated bureaucracy of governing, due to the nature of politics in the trendy generation. For example: The meaning of "conservatism" in the United States has little in not unusual with the method the word's definition is used in different places. As Ribuffo notes, "what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism"; a "conservative" in Finland would be categorised a "socialist" in the United States.[12] Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly related to the Republican Party. However, all the way through the generation of segregation many Southern Democrats have been conservatives, they usually performed a key role in the Conservative Coalition that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963.[13]

Social-political ambiguity

Opinions range through individuals relating to the types and houses of governments that exist. "Shades of gray" are not unusual in any govt and its corresponding classification. Even the maximum liberal democracies limit rival political job to one extent or some other while the most tyrannical dictatorships must organize a large base of reinforce thereby growing difficulties for "pigeonholing" governments into narrow classes. Examples include the claims of the United States as being a plutocracy relatively than a democracy since some American citizens imagine elections are being manipulated by means of wealthy Super PACs.[14]

Dialectical forms Main article: Plato's 5 regimes

The Classical Greek philosopher Plato discusses 5 varieties of regimes: aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Plato additionally assigns a guy to every of those regimes to illustrate what they stand for. The tyrannical guy would represent tyranny for example. These five regimes step by step degenerate starting with aristocracy at the most sensible and tyranny at the bottom.

Forms

For a more complete record, see List of forms of govt.

One manner of classifying governments is in which other folks have the authority to rule. This can both be one individual (an autocracy, akin to monarchy), a make a choice staff of folks (an aristocracy), or the other people as a whole (a democracy, akin to a republic).

Thomas Hobbes said on their classification:[15]

The difference of Commonwealths consisteth in the distinction of the sovereign, or the person consultant of all and every one of the multitude. And because the sovereignty is both in one guy, or in an meeting of a couple of; and into that assembly both each man hath correct to go into, or now not every one, but positive men distinguished from the relaxation; it is manifest there may also be however three types of Commonwealth. For the representative should needs be one man, or extra; and if more, then it is the meeting of all, or however of a section. When the consultant is one guy, then is the Commonwealth a monarchy; when an assembly of all that can come in combination, then it is a democracy, or popular Commonwealth; when an meeting of a phase best, then it is called an aristocracy. Other sort of Commonwealth there can be none: for either one, or more, or all, will have to have the sovereign power (which I have proven to be indivisible) complete.

Autocracy Main article: Autocracy

An autocracy is a machine of government through which superb energy is concentrated in the fingers of one particular person, whose decisions are matter to neither exterior criminal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of well-liked control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass rise up).[16]

Aristocracy Main article: Aristocracy

Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent", and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government that puts energy in the fingers of a small, privileged ruling class.[17]

Many monarchies were aristocracies, although in trendy constitutional monarchies the monarch himself or herself has little real power. The time period aristocracy could also check with the non-peasant, non-servant, and non-city classes in the feudal gadget.

Democracy Main article: Democracy

Democracy is a system of govt the place the electorate exercise energy by vote casting. In a direct democracy, the electorate as a entire form a governing frame and vote without delay on every issue. In a consultant democracy the electorate elect representatives from among themselves. These representatives meet to form a governing body, reminiscent of a legislature. In a constitutional democracy the powers of the majority are exercised inside of the framework of a representative democracy, however the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority, generally via the enjoyment via all of sure person rights, e.g. freedom of speech, or freedom of affiliation.[18][19]

Republics Main article: Republic

A republic is a shape of government wherein the country is considered a "public matter" (Latin: res publica), not the non-public concern or assets of the rulers, and where places of work of states are subsequently at once or indirectly elected or appointed reasonably than inherited. The other people, or some good portion of them, have splendid regulate over the executive and the place offices of state are elected or selected by way of elected people.[20][21] A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is no longer a monarch.[22][23]Montesquieu incorporated each democracies, the place all the other people have a proportion in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only a few of the people rule, as republican paperwork of govt.[24]

Other phrases used to explain different republics come with democratic republic, parliamentary republic, semi-presidential republic, presidential republic, federal republic, and Islamic republic.

Federalism Main article: Federalism

Federalism is a political idea during which a crew of individuals are bound in combination by way of covenant with a governing representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to explain a device of executive by which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units, variously referred to as states, provinces or differently. Federalism is a device primarily based upon democratic ideas and establishments during which the energy to manipulate is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is steadily referred to as a federation. Proponents are incessantly known as federalists.

Economic programs

Further knowledge: Economic machine

Historically, maximum political programs originated as socioeconomic ideologies. Experience with the ones actions in power and the sturdy ties they'll need to explicit paperwork of executive can make them be considered as forms of govt in themselves.

Term Definition Capitalism A social-economic gadget by which the method of production (machines, gear, factories, and so on.) are underneath private possession and their use is for benefit. Communism A social-economic device in which means of production are usually owned (either via the other people without delay, thru the commune or via communist society), and production is undertaken to be used, somewhat than for benefit.[25][26] Typically, communist societies use a deliberate financial system to direct the production and distribution of items and products and services. Distributism A social-economic gadget in which standard belongings ownership as fundamental right;[27] the means of production are unfold as widely as imaginable quite than being centralized beneath the regulate of the state (state socialism), a few people (plutocracy), or corporations (corporatocracy).[28] Distributism basically opposes socialism and capitalism,[29][30] which distributists view as equally improper and exploitative. In distinction, distributism seeks to subordinate financial job to human lifestyles as a whole, to our religious existence, our highbrow existence, our circle of relatives existence".[31]Feudalism A social-economic system of land ownership and tasks. Under feudalism, all the land in a kingdom was once the king's. However, the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him. These gifts of land were called manors. Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals. The vassals then needed to do tasks for the nobles. The lands of vassals were referred to as fiefs. Socialism A social-economic machine in which workers, democratically and socially own the method of production[32] and the economic framework could also be decentralized, disbursed or centralized deliberate or self-managed in independent economic devices.[33]Public products and services would be recurrently, collectively, or state owned, equivalent to healthcare and schooling. Statism A social-economic device that concentrates power in the state at the expense of person freedom. Among other variants, the time period subsumes theocracy, absolute monarchy, Nazism, fascism, authoritarian socialism, and simple, unadorned dictatorship. Such variants fluctuate on matters of shape, techniques and beliefs. Welfare state A social-economic system wherein the state plays a key function in the protection and promotion of the financial and social well-being of its electorate. It is in line with the ideas of equality of alternative, equitable distribution of wealth, and public accountability for those not able to avail themselves of the minimum provisions for a just right lifestyles.

Maps

Democracy Index via the Economist Intelligence Unit, 2017.[34] Full Democracies 9–10 8–9 Flawed Democracies 7–8 6–7 Hybrid Regimes 5–6 4–5 Authoritarian Regimes 3–4 2–3 0–2 World administrative levels An international map distinguishing nations of the international as federations (inexperienced) from unitary states (blue). Unitary states Federations

See additionally

List of bureaucracy of government Central executive Civics Comparative executive Constitutional economics Deep state Digital democracy E-Government Government effectiveness index History of politics Legal rights List of countries by means of system of government List of European Union member states via political device Ministry Political financial system Political historical past Politics Prime ministerial executive State (polity) Voting system World executive Principles

Certain primary traits are defining of certain types; others are historically related to certain types of government.

Rule in line with upper law (unwritten ethical rules) vs. written constitutionalism Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion Civilian keep an eye on of the army vs. stratocracy Totalitarianism or authoritarianism vs. libertarianism Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. charter or bill of rights with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and offer protection to minority rights Androcracy (patriarchy) or gynarchy (matriarchy) vs. gender quotas, gender equality provision, or silence on the subjectAutonomy

This listing specializes in differing approaches that political methods take to the distribution of sovereignty, and the autonomy of areas within the state.

Sovereignty located completely at the centre of political jurisdiction. Empire Unitary state Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral spaces. Hegemony Federation and federal republic Confederation Federal monarchy Diverging degrees of sovereignty. Alliance Asymmetrical federalism Federacy Associated state Corpus separatum Colony Crown colony Chartered corporate Dependent territory Occupied territory Occupied zone Mandate Exclusive mandate Military Frontier Neutral zone Colonial dependency Protectorate Vassal state Satellite state Puppet state Thalassocracy Unrecognized state States with restricted recognition Separatist movement Government in exile Micronation Provisional government Territorial disputes Non-self-governing territories League of Nations League Commonwealth Decentralisation and devolution (powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments)

Notes

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Columbia University Press. 2000. ^ a b Smelser & Baltes 2001, p. ?. ^ a b c Christian 2004, p. 245. ^ Christian 2004, p. 294. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica (fifteenth version) ^ Christian 2004, pp. 146–147. ^ a b Kuper & Kuper 2008, p. ?. sfn error: no goal: CITEREFKuperKuper2008 (lend a hand) ^ Haider-Markel 2014, p. ?. ^ Lewellen 2003, p. ?. ^ Comparative politics : pursuits, identities, and institutions in a converting global order, Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach (eds.), second ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521708400, p. 4. ^ Renna, Thomas (September 2015). "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire". Michigan Academician. 42 (1): 60–75. doi:10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60. ^ Leo P. Ribuffo, "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy," Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2–6, quote on p. 6 ^ Kari Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968, p. 12, "...conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy.", The University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8078-4910-1 ^ "Plutocrats – The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else" Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan – by means of Wikisource. ^ Paul M. Johnson. "Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms". Auburn.edu. Retrieved 14 September 2012. ^ "Aristocracy". Oxford English Dictionary. December 1989. Archived from the authentic on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2009. ^ Oxford English Dictionary: "democracy". ^ Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (Expo '70 hardcover ed.). William Benton. pp. 215–23. ISBN 978-0-85229-135-1. ^ Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1. ^ "Republic". Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ "republic". WordInternet 3.0. Retrieved 20 March 2009. ^ "Republic". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 August 2010. ^ Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2–3. ^ Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. p. 66. ISBN 978-0875484495. Marx distinguishes between two levels of marketless communism: an preliminary phase, with hard work vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access. ^ Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 978-0275968861. Communism would imply unfastened distribution of items and products and services. The communist slogan, 'From every in step with his skill, to each and every in keeping with his needs' (as opposed to 'paintings') would then rule ^ Shiach, Morag (2004). Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture, 1890–1930. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-521-83459-9 ^ Zwick, Mark and Louise (2004). The Catholic Worker Movement: Intellectual and Spiritual Origins . Paulist Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8091-4315-3 ^ Boyle, David; Simms, Andrew (2009). The New Economics. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84407-675-8 ^ Novak, Michael; Younkins, Edward W. (2001). Three in One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976–2000. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7425-1171-2 ^ Storck, Thomas. "Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war," in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75 ^ Sinclair, Upton (1918). Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by means of Peaceful Means If Possible. Socialism, you see, is a chicken with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic regulate of the instruments and method of production.' ^ Schweickart, David. Democratic Socialism Archived 17 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice (2006): "Virtually all (democratic) socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with 'socialism,' i.e. the Soviet model of a non-market, centrally-planned economy...Some have endorsed the concept of 'market socialism,' a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition, but socializes the means of production, and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism." ^ "Democracy Index 2017 – Economist Intelligence Unit" (PDF). EIU.com. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

References

Christian, David (2004). Maps of Time. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24476-4. Friedrich, Carl J.; Brzezinski, Zbigniew Okay. (1965). Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (2d ed.). Praeger. Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper, ed. (2008). The Social Science Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47635-5. Haider-Markel, Donald P. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government. ISBN 978-0-19-957967-9. Krader, Lawrence (1968). Formation of the state. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p. 118. de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno; Smith, Alastair (2011). The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics. Random House. p. 272. ISBN 9781610390446. Lewellen, Ted C. (2003). Political Anthropology: An Introduction (3rd ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-89789-891-1. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; Morrow, James D. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-63315-4. William J. Dobson (2013). The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy. Anchor. ISBN 978-0307477552. Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (2001). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-043076-8.

External hyperlinks

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